Ethics Of The Mentally Ill - 898 Words

The topic of ethics for the care of the mentally ill has become widely debated in the UK. Recent statistics show a 5% increase 2013-14 vs. 2012-13 in the detentions under the Mental Health Act, a 30% increase from 2002-2003 (October 2014, Health and Social Care Information Centre, http://www.hscic.gov.uk/5164). The increase places tremendous pressure on the National Health Service (NHS) to balance the best possible care, with resource. There are a number complexities that arise to strike the balance in risk and rights, when faced with challenging behaviour of the mentally ill. The NHS places the respect of all patients’ values first. This includes an individual’s cultural view, dignity, privacy and independence (NHS Patient Experience Framework www.institute.nhs.uk). This essay examines ethics in healthcare focusing on physical restraint. In order to create an analytical view on this subject, the 1998 death of David Bennett a 38 year old, Rastafarian African Caribbean, has been cited. Mental illness can change a persons’ capacity to make rational and safe decisions, often creating a contradiction in actions to their core ethics and beliefs (Mind, Mental health crisis care: physical restraint in crisis report, June 2013). David Bennett had suffered with schizophrenia for nearly 20 years, leading to aggressive changes in his mood. On the evening of David’s death he had an incident with another patient, which caused him to become angry, leading to a physical altercation,Show MoreRelatedSocietal Values Of The Buck V. Bell Decision998 Words   |  4 Pages14th Amendment of the United States Constitution is the lynchpin of the decision, and the values of the court can be derived from it. In this essay I will demonstrate that the ambiguity of the Amendment in question has significant consequences, the ethics of the interpretation of the Amendment is derived form the paternalistic nature of the Constitution, and that equality of the law is subservient to th e desire for a homogeneous and comfortable cultural environment. Interpretation of the 14th AmendmentRead MoreSolitary Confinement And Mental Disorders972 Words   |  4 Pagesconfinement drastically affects mentally ill prisoners differently as compared to the general population. Such effects are psychological and they are as follows: (1) anxiety; (2) depression; (3) anger; (4) cognitive disturbances; (5) perceptual distortions; (6) obsessive thoughts; (7) paranoia; and (8) psychosis (Metzner Fellner, 2010). Being confined inside a unit with no windows can disorient inmates with or without mental disorders, and failure to provide mentally ill inmates with psychiatric helpRead MoreInsanity And The Insanity Defense1636 Words   |  7 Pageswhen someone believes they did not know right from wrong while committing the crime. The problem with this is that it is hard to know someone’s mental state when there is not much evidence to go on. Someone can become mentally ill after a crime or someone may have been mentally ill before a crime. Ne ither one of these issues always weigh on the actual crime. A large problem with the insanity defense is that it takes the blame off of the criminal. If someone admits to an insanity defense, thatRead MoreMental Illness : The Vulnerable Population Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages A social need that is experienced by the vulnerable population is mentally illness. Mental illness clients in my opinion are the most neglected, as well as, the most vulnerable population and today time. The scope of the issues is that mental illness disorders as schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorder, are disorders persistent that affect the brain. However, these disorders can cause a person to experience a sudden mood change. Also, people with these disorders may experience difficultiesRead MoreCriminalization of the Mentally Ill1319 Words   |  6 PagesCriminalization of the Mentally Ill Have you ever been dealt a dilemma were you knew that someone needed your help but you were also aware that you where not the individual with the capability of helping. This was the situation with my friend Dan; he and I went to high school together and were good friends. After graduation Dan went on to obtain a dual degree in mathematics and physics from Cal Berkeley, and was on the first U.S. table tennis team to go to china in the early 1970s. I rememberRead MoreJudith Butler Is Still Alive Today1282 Words   |  6 PagesBorn in 1956, Judith Butler is still alive today. Not only is she a philosopher, she is also a gender theorist who has influenced may areas such as: political philosophy, ethics, and fields in feminist, queer, and literary theory. Butler is currently working at University of California, Berkeley teaching Comparative Literature and Critical Theory. She has written many books that revolve around gender and these books have been looked upon fondly by feminists. Pre carious Life was written in 2005. ThisRead MoreIs It Ethical to Execute the Mentally Ill769 Words   |  4 Pagesrestored, he or she can then be executed.   Inmates who are intellectually disabled (mentally retarded) also cannot be executed.   Inmates who are mentally ill, but not insane, have no such exemption. Being in the mental health field for over ten years and working in state hospitals and the prison system with people who have committed some of the worlds hanious crimes known to man. Currently I work with mentally ill inmates who are actively homicidal or suicidal due to them hearing voices, seeingRead MoreVictims Of Mental Illnesses And Personality Disorders987 Words   |  4 Pageshopeless, paranoid, lonely, and disparaging emotions; stunting their voice and ability to succeed in western culture. The ladder has formulated and promoted dangerous stereotypes that continue to poorly affect the way in which communities treats the mentally ill. In pursuance of a different reality, citizens must take responsibility and put efforts forth to redefine the societal perception of alternative thinking processes. Severe mental illnesses and personality disorders, such as schizophrenia andRead MoreMad Americ Bad Science, Bad Medicine, And The Enduring Mistreatment Of The Mentally Ill1472 Words   |  6 Pageshave chosen to do this report over is Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill. Mad in America was written by Robert Whitaker, a medical journalist, whose primary objective when authoring this book was to examine the types of psychiatric methods used for treating mental illness throughout American history, as well as their ethics and safety. His book is broken up into four different sections, each covering a certain timeframe. Part one spans overRead MoreDepression, Anxiety, Disordered Thinking1499 Words   |  6 Pageshas increased and will continue to increase However, stigma – the mark of shame – prevails and hampers the ability for the mentally ill to get help and treatment and instead alienates them from a normal social life. Over the last few years, the amount of the known cases and prevalence of mental illnesses has increased in comparison to past records. The amount of mentally ill cases in the past remains unspoken about, but within the modern era the number has taken the international stage {1}. Nearly

The Genetically Modified Organisms Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 748 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: GMO Essay Did you like this example? One may only wonder, what are GMO’s? GMO’s stand for genetically modified organisms. In laymen terms it means that plants and animals are created using biological technology which alters their DNA by modifying their genes, another term you may have heard of is Molecular Gastronomy- which is the altercation of food (which I learned in my F+B class at STU). One can already assume that this process is very different from normal traditions like cross-breeding, a process which humankind has been doing for thousands of years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Genetically Modified Organisms Process" essay for you Create order In class I have learnt that America is the leading producer of GMO crops in the World today, which is not fortunate for someone like me whom is deciding to live within the Country. Furthermore, in class I learnt that the first GMO product was introduced to society in 1994, this product was the labor saver tomato. Ever since the Labor saver tomato was released in 1994, GMO products in our food supply has been increasing more and more ever since. Additionally, we learnt that most common GMO crops which can be found in the Market are; corn, soy-beans, cotton and rapeseed- which shocked me to learn that canola oil is made from it. In Contrast, I also learnt, that a few positives of GMO’s do exist, and this is what brings up the ethical question of- does the good outweigh the bad? It is argued that scientists created these organisms in order to achieve specific desired result, for example, they created apples that dont brown when exposed to air, Salmon that grow faster and rice that is much healthier. Additionally, another claimed benefit of GMO’s, are that GMO’s help fight off global hunger- by making it cheaper for consumers, quicker to grow, more profitable and beneficial to the community and cheaper production costs which means lower sales price. Furthermore, genetically modified crops also lead to reduced pesticide use- this is because some GMO crops are engineer to resist insects and therefore farmers dont have to use this, however, having a plant that can resists pesticides just means that growers can use more pesticides on their farm without worrying about killing their crop- and th is is very devastating to our environment! In class we also learned about Hawaii and its Papaya epidemic- where the Papaya Plant was almost on the verge of extinction. In this case, we learned another benefit of GMO’s. The Papaya Plant is a major cash crop for the Island of Hawaii and in 1992, a virus threatened to wipe out the entire production of Papaya in Hawaii, and luckily a local resident genetically modified the plant so that it could defeat the virus which was contributing to the Papaya Plant to become extinct. So, thanks to GMO’s, farmers were able to save this important crop and that is why it continues to be the main US producer of Papaya today. Another claimed benefit is that by using GMO’s there is potential to create medicine using compounds created by these crops- which may help fight off diseases. In contrast, there are several environmental and health-related issues concerning the use of GMO’s. For example, the creation of genetically modified insect and weed resistant crops has increased the population of other pests and created insects and weeds that are also resistant to insecticides the herbicides. Another huge concern for GMO’s is genetic manipulation, which could lead to whats known as super bugs (like Spider-Man), that may have potential dangers to society. Indirect effects also exist- an example of this would be the â€Å"Honey Bee.† Honey Bees love to fly out and seek pollen, nevertheless, how would they know which plants are genetically modified from which plants are not? They don’t know, and that’s the issue! So, it is only safe to say- that majority of the Honey in America is contaminated due to the strong GMO presence in America. In conclusion, it is safe to say- avoiding GMO’s is your best bet! GMO’s have only been introduced in 1994, therefore research is still lacking. In order to see the true effects of GMO’s- it will need a longer life-cycle to actually see the harmful results. If you are unsure, and cannot locate the GMO-FREE Mark- then look for a 3rd party verification for example- a little butterfly with a green check mark. Information is out there. Be informed before you decide, because cheap Produce is not always healthy Produce.

Digital Imaging And Communication System - 989 Words

â€Å"PACS† which stands for (picture archive communication system) is a healthcare technology for the short and long term storage, retrieval, management, distribution and presentation of medical images(rouse). This system has led the medical field to be more efficient with all of their images and organization of those images. Hospitals all around the world are using this technology and it s only going to get greater usage and develop even better over time. PACS in general, is made up of several different components, these include imaging systems, such as MRI, CAT scan, and X-ray equipment, A secure network for patient information distribution, computers for viewing and processing images, and lastly archives for storage and retrieval of images and related documentation(PACS). The first component of PACS is DICOM, Which stands for digital imaging and communication in medicine. According to Margeret Rouse from health IT said â€Å" is a protocol that allows for the sharing of images and other medical information. DICOM permits PACS, radiology information systems and more medical imaging systems to connect with and pass data to systems at other healthcare facilities†. This allows long term retrieval of the data and images for use in the future. The next component that works with PACS is the RIS which is a radiology information system. This works with PACS to provide patient information along with scheduling, and image interpretation reports. In my opinion, these two components areShow MoreRelatedEssay On Medical Storage1403 Words   |  6 PagesDigital Medical Imaging and Storage An Overview Overview Digital technology is the future of every industry, including the medical field. Medical technology has jumped forward in the past fifty years. 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From here, Fischer planned a strategy to overcome the trouble faced by Kodak. Here, Fisher has identified the problems to be overcome which will be his goals. In addition, Fisher also gave a vision of the company to be a global digital imaging leader. Fisher also spent time to study, understand and analyze every part of Kodak’s business. He looked into the process of photo finishing, competitors product, Kodak’s dysfunctional culture, non-performing business, market expansion, theRead MoreThe Company s Key Goals For 20161343 Words   |  6 Pagesearnings-Consumer Digital Imaging Group (CDG) Digital still and video cameras, picture frames, kiosks, APEX dry lab systems, consumer inkjet printing systems, gallery products services and imaging sensors licensing activities related to digital imaging †¢ Accelerate digital revenue growth-Film Photo Finishing and Entertainment Group (FPEG)Consumer professional film, one time use cameras, graphic arts film, aerial industrial filamentGraphics Communications Group (GCG)Workflow software, digital controllersRead MoreDifferent IT Security Systems916 Words   |  4 PagesSecurity systems to meet different needs, such as advanced imaging technology, Carnivore, and Digital Fingerprinting. Advanced imaging technology is used to monitor passengers in transportation services, such as airports, for metallic and non-metallic threats to security. Carnivore was used for monitoring emails of persons under criminal activity suspensions by the FBI. Digital Fingerprinting is used to monitor web activity for violations of pieces of media under copyright law. Advanced imaging technologyRead MoreEastman Kodak Case Study1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Nabil Sultan’s piece on knowledge management is a piece centered on the developments or innovations in technology, and focuses more on information and communication technology. The study looks at cloud computing, which is defined as, â€Å"†¦a modality, that uses advances in ICTs such as virtualization and grid computing for delivering a range of ICT services through software, and virtual hardware (as opposed to physical) provisioned (by data centres owned and operated by cloud providersRead More Digital Imaging Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesDigital Imaging Digital imaging inevitably undermines photography’s status as an essentially truthful medium. Discuss. Until recently, at least, it was possible to define photography as a process involving optics, light sensitive material and the chemical processing of this material to produce prints or slides. Today though, that definition is subject to change. Technological innovations†¦are shifting photography from its original chemical basis towards electronics†¦ It is not overstatingRead MoreTechnology : A Beneficial Driving Force For Providing Quality Patient Care And Assisting Physicians With Complex Cases1605 Words   |  7 Pagespatient care and assisting physicians with complex cases. The first discovery of imaging technology was in 1895 by a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen, who won the first physics Nobel Prize in 1901. (Morris, 1525-1527) (Frie) His discovery opened the door for progressing developments in medical imagery such as the use of contrast agents to better visualize organs and the testing of the first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device in the 1980â€⠄¢s. (Morris, 1525-1527) (Frie) We have moved away fromRead MoreHow has Technology Changed the field of Radiology? Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe technological discoveries in radiology today? Since the start of X-rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of radiology. To begin with, how has technology changed the field of radiology? Since the discovery of X-radiation there has been a need and desire for studying the humanRead MorePatton Fuller Community Hospital - Network Assignment Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesreview the current business systems in place, suggest improvements and provide how those changes could overall improve PFCH, both internally and externally. PFCH has implemented an extremely unique network developed in conjunction with the fundamentals of systems development. There are multiple business and medical systems in place, which this shall explain in detail and then provide areas for improvement including recommendations in enhancing PFCH’s Information System. Ultimately the first and most

Cross Culture Analysis free essay sample

TABLE OF CONTENTS (1) Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 (2) Cross- cultural Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 (3) Aims of cross-cultural analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 (4) Hofstede and his 5 dimensions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 (4. 1) Limitations of Hofstede’s model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 (5) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 (5. 1) Limitations of Trompenaars and Turner model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 (6) European Cultural Diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 (7) Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 8) Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 (9) Web References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 (A) Critical review of cross-cultural models (1)Introduction Culture has played an important role in the evolution of humans enabling them to adapt the environment to their own needs instead of depending solely on natural selection to achieve success in all walks of life. Culture typically is made of customs, ideas beliefs, customs, codes, techniques, tools, taboos, symbols, rituals and ceremonies. Every society has created its own culture which is unique to its society. Culture is characterised mainly of three components which are explained as below: Values – Ideas which are considered important in life can be termed as values. Norms – Different people behave differently in various situations. Norms can be understood as the expectations of how people react to these situations. Artefacts   Artefacts are manufactured by men who reflect the culture’s values and norms. (2) Cross- cultural Analysis In 19th century, renowned anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis H Morgan have performed first cross-cultural analysis. Both Anthropology and Social Anthropology have made significant progress from the stages of Victorian England’s lower savagery to civilization. The concept of culture can be understood as a response against to those Western concepts and according to the anthropologists, culture is embedded in human nature. All people irrespective of the location and regions have the ability to categorise experiences, understand them by decoding using symbols and communication effectively. Several fields such as Sociology, Psychology, Communication and Anthropology have contributed to the creation of main theories of cross cultural communication. These theories are primarily based on the value differences among several cultures that are spread all over the world. Some of the important researchers who contributed to this field include Fons Trompenaars, Edward T. Hall, Shalom Schwartz, Geert Hofstede Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis H Morgan and Clifford Geertz. (3) Aims of cross-cultural analysis The main aim of cross cultural communication is to understand the responses of different people from varied cultural backgrounds in different situations. Some guidelines are produced to decipher these differences and help them to better communicate with one another. According to Alvesson, M. (1993),  Cultural Perspectives on Organisations, 1992, Members of a group who share a particular culture can be understood and interpreted using some functions. The group can be of different sizes. It can be a small group in a village, or as big as a continent. Though the responses of the members of these groups can be understood as a whole depending on their culture, it further depends on the individual’s personality. The expressions of culture-resultant response can also depend on their own experience from life and the upbringing of that particular individual. The aims of cross cultural analysis are to harness the utilitarian function of culture as a means for human adaptation and better communication. Cross-cultural management can be understood as a subset of International management focusing on cultural clashes. The conflicts and miscommunication leads to differences in the cultures and cross cultural management aims to develop tools to understand and handle them. (4) Hofstede and his 5 dimensions Hofstede conducted investigations across the world to understand and analyse work-related attitudes in different regions. These studies have resulted in identifying five dimensions. These dimensions are masculinity-femininity, power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and long term vs. short term orientation. Social psychology between and within many cultures are being investigated actively in many respects and has acquired its own momentum over a long period of time. According to (Draguns, Lee McCauley, 1999) comparisons with in the cross cultures can be made with the help of personality variables within that culture. As opposed to this, dimensions can also be derived in multicultural research projects can be used to study the relevance and the proximity to their home culture. In order to elucidate the conceptual nature of the cultural dimensions, Hofstede made various efforts to elaborate the contrast between the individualists as well the collectivist cultures. As this is not the only source of difference, several other Researchers such as Draguns, Lee McCauley, 1999 also carried out studies on individualist cultures where the individuals are not tightly connected. They found that the priority lies ith looking after themselves or any other members of the immediate family. These individuals have different goals and aspirations that might not be in line with the values and norms of the entire group. However when there is a conflict of ideas, in individual societies they put their personal goals first by feeling autonomous. I n this type of social framework, the focus is on achieving personal goal s. Such individuals are loosely attached to each other and if needed they can easily detach themselves from the rest of the group. They can also sever relations quite easily with their norms, partners and religion. However in collectivist societies, the most important factor is the group and there is a sense among the group members for solidarity and shared activities. According to (Goodwin, 1999) these kind of groups dominates in general as the obligations and duties of the individuals are not important when compared to that of the group. On the flip side, the collectivist societies are keener to protect the interests of the members of the group. They are not very concerned and may not necessarily help those members who are outside their group. The boundaries of the group are strong and explicit and they develop group egoism. Though it is costs, the individuals of the members contribute more especially in the personal events such as marriage and other links with the families with in the group. They do not behave like mere individuals. One of the other dimensions of Hofstede’s dimensions, power distance, is also widely discussed in the cross cultural studies. It represents the members of the society that agree to the inequalities in the power distribution among various members of the group. It may be in the organisations or institutions in which the degree of respect given those people who occupy superior positions. According to Deal T. and Kennedy, A. A. (1982),  Corporate Cultures, the acceptance to power inequality depends of the high distance and los distance societies. In High distance societies, they see power as the basis need of the group where as in low distance societies, they believe that power can only be used when it is legitimate. The next dimension of Hofstede’s model is Masculinity vs. Femininity. According to him, factors such as heroism, material success, assertiveness as preference for achievement are considered as masculine. Other factors such as caring for the poor and downtrodden, modesty, relationships, and the quality of life are considered subdued and feminine. The differentiation is based on the sex of that individual as the relationship between the Masculinity and femininity concerns about the relative emphasis and interpersonal harmony. While feminine culture gives preference to quality of life, warm personal relationships and fluid sex roles, the masculine cultures success, a sense of performance and competition and being brave. The fourth dimension, uncertainty avoidance, lays emphasis on the extent in which the members of a particular culture respond to the unknown situations or uncertain events. The cultures where the uncertainty avoidance is low are very curious whereas the cultures where the uncertainty avoidance is high are more dangerous. Uncertainty avoidance generally refers to the planning and the method of dealing with the unknown events in life and those with high uncertainty avoidance generally have a strong desire for mutual consensus. Any behaviour other than this is not acceptable in that group or society. The final dimension is long vs. short term orientation. The focus is mainly on the time horizon of the society. The orientation in this dimension of the study is to determine the importance that is being given to the future when compared to the previous history of that nation or society than the present state. In this dimension issues such as persistence and others are resolved by applying the orientation framework. Hofstede’s diverse studies of various cultures have provided the necessary inputs to understand the similarities or differences of cross cultures. (4. 1) Limitations of Hofstede’s model: Though Hofstede made several studies to identify the cross cultural similarities and differences, there are some limitations in this model. The primary limitation is the limited use of samples. The samples with Hofstede conducted the study is not applicable to the all the nations and therefore the results cannot be generalised to all the nations. The findings are generally based on the culture of the nation at a certain time which may be different from the result of the same nation at a different time. Another limitation to his model is the negative feedback of the participants. Some people are happy to cooperate with the study but some people may get offended by it (Barrick, Ryan Schmitt, 2003). Another limitation is the importance of the study to their organisation or the country they live in. Another limitation is to create changes not all people would like to agree. More often than not, majority of the people cannot accept abrupt change in a short period of time. (5) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner model: To explain the national cultural differences in an organisation, in 1998, popular management consultants Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner developed a model named ‘Seven Dimensions of Culture’. They tried to explain the differences in a heterogeneous business environment and the challenges faced by the global managers in managing them. Their study is primarily based on the responses of several respondents on a given dilemma. The dilemmas are contrasting in nature and this method is used by them over ten long years to observe the responses of various individuals on these dilemmas which will be used to interpret the basic attitudes and values of the individuals. This method is characterised by developing seven different processes which are formulated into dilemmas. By preferring one side of the dilemma, the individuals from one culture differentiate themselves from the rest of the others. According to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, these responses provided them a tool to analyse how national cultures differ from one another and how culture can be measured. They also suggested that the differences in cultures play a major role in achieving success globally and observed that reconciling these differences can lead to competitive advantage in the increasingly competitive global business environment. (5. ) Limitations of this model: * Failure in recognising the impact of personal characteristics on one’s behaviour. * Though this model differentiated between several cultures, it failed to suggest any recommendations on how to work with specific cultures. * The dilemmas that are developed by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner may not satisfy that it will cover all the aspects of cross cultural studies. * Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner suggested th at the organisations must acknowledge the similarities and differences between the cultures that they operate in. However, other authors such as Ohmae (Borderless world) and Levitt (Globalisation of Markets) argue that national borders are diminishing day by day and emphasised on the need to look at the world as one big global market instead of viewing it as different countries that are made up of different cultures. (B) National Management Styles: Analysis and Personal experience. The ideas about the national management style over the past four decades have been dominated primarily by two nations. First by the American management model then followed by the Japanese. National cultural heritage was thought to be the primary reason for a particular management style. Having that as an underlying assumption, claims have been made that the management style is highly influenced by the cultural force of a country. Do the Japanese in general manage their organisations differently from Americans? This lead to evolution of two main standpoints which are called as culture-free and the culture-contingent position (Child/Kieser, 1997 and Osterloh, 1994). According to the culture-free position, the management style reflects the deeper understanding of industrialism producing essentials of technological and economic nature. The management style of firms over the personnel does not depend too much on the nation’s cultural values but more dependent on the technology, size and the industry environment of the organisation. According to Barrett, E. (1992),  The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Corporate Culture Analogy, the competition among the organisations in a business environment need conditions which support the management style. As we all know that those firms which compete on innovation use a more participative and professional management style when compared to the management style of those companies which are traditionally mass producers of plastic toys, screws or hamburgers. This can be observed across various nations all over the world. Likewise, the cultural settings do not seem to have much impact on the management of fast food chains. The contrasting viewpoint is culture-contingent position. Experts argue that societies exhibit distinct and relatively persistent cultures which include shared patterns of manners and ideas. Though different organisations in different organisations compete in varied conditions, they all adopt similar cultural contingencies within that country. This may be one of the reason as to why these organisations though compete against each other manage their firms with similar management structures which are appropriate to the cultural forces of the country. Culture of the country may matter for management, but it certainly is not the primary factor which influences the management style of the organisation. (6) European Cultural Diversity According to (Hofstede, 1993; Munch, 1993), despite sharing a lot of history, it is quite surprising that many of the European countries are still heterogeneous culturally. Though the integration of European countries brought about some economic forces, the culture and traditions of these countries still remain very different to that of each other. The nations that can claim to have developed distinctive cultures are American and Japanese. European countries are far from having a distinctive culture of their own. In order to overcome the present day pressures, they have developed diverse approaches of their own to cope with them. Among the European countries the national differences between the countries are greater than that of the non-European countries when it comes to dealing with the problems of technology development, economic growth and pollution control. (7) British Model of Pragmatic Management: Though Britain had a strong industrial dominance in the nineteenth century, after Second World War it has lost its strength both economically and educationally. Over the past decade or so, the global competitiveness and the economic recovery signs have been strong for Britain. Several factors such as political stability de-regulation of industries, and the English language advantage has attracted foreign direct investments from all across the globe which lead to the creation of entrepreneurial dynamism (ul-Haq, 2000). However according to Porter (1990), one of the important reasons for the continuous decline in the economic performance is the lack of quality in British educational system? Top-quality education has been restricted to a few groups. Important sectors like technology and engineering has been given lower priority. This resulted in the impact on the management in general and society in particular. While there are exceptional employees who are well trained for professional work, majority of them lack in depth education and skills when compared to the other highly industrialised nations. This can explain about the difference between blue-collar and white-collar workers, especially managers, appear to reflect the social structures of the society. The relationship between the workers and the management is generally characterised by mistrust and hostility, as a result of the conflict of interest between the two classes. Source: Martin, J. (1992),  Cultures in Organisations Three Perspectives Let us discuss various management styles and critically examine if that is the style in my own country. i. Autocratic: In this management style, the decision making lies with the managers and they enforce their decision on the employees. They do not have a two way communication with the employees because they don’t trust them. This can be demotivating to employees, but this style is suitable for organisations that have to take quick decisions and manage large number of employees. I am from India and I can say that this management style is not widely used across the country but can be seen in large organisations particularly in IT firms that have large number of employees to manage. ii. Paternalistic: Paternalistic managers listen to the concerns of the employees before taking decision with respect to their social and recreational needs. The information flow is from top to bottom as they give direction to the employees. Interesting aspect is that they also take feedback form the employees which can be very effective. But the decision making on an issue may take longer than usual. This will help improve the morale of the employee. This management style can be observed in India though not widely. An organisation from the Marketing and Service industries and tourism industry in particular adopts this style of management. iii. Democratic: Everyone is involved in the decision process in this management style. Productivity and job satisfaction is improved as the communication flows from top to bottom in this approach. Employees’ motivation will be high as they are recognised and considered to be important to the organisation. On the flip side, it is difficult to get consensus on any issue and therefore slows down the process significantly. Sometimes there is also a risk that the managers may not be able to implement the best decisions. This style is not usually adapted in India as the mind sets of people are quite different and it may take quite long to take a decision. However this management style when implemented effectively with a judicious mixture can result in producing desired results. Source: Adler, N. J. (1991)  International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour. Personally, my style has always been employee empowerment. The people I choose to have thinking people work under me, not automatons. Because of this, my task gets simpler and I can accomplish the targets in due course. I have learnt a great deal and also enriched my knowledge base as well as my skill levels. I am always aware of the fact that my task is to manage my team and they have their own tasks. I must enable them to deliver their best whether it is sales, operations or something else. Due to this, the members of the team can come up and discuss their ideas with me without any fear. To my mind, no organisation can grow if its employees do not grow. 8) Conclusion: As per my experience, persistent growth can be achieved by organisations by implementing proper management styles. They can solve organisational problems; improve employee productivity and loyalty and satisfaction. Satisfied customers and higher returns of the investment is the key for all the organisations at the end of the day. On the flip side, adopting an incorrect manage ment structure will lead to tensions between managers and their subordinates resulting in diminished employee morale and depleting productivity. (9) BIBLIOGRAPHY i. Alvesson, M. 1993),  Cultural Perspectives on Organisations, 1992 ii. Deal T. and Kennedy, A. A. (1982),  Corporate Cultures, iii. Barrett, E. (1992),  The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Corporate Culture Analogy iv. Martin, J. (1992),  Cultures in Orgnanizations Three Perspectives v. Kono, T. (1990), Corporate Culture and Long Range Planning vi. Adler, N. J. (1991)  International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. vii. Riding the Waves of Culture  (Fons Trompenaars Charles Hampden-Turner), 1990. viii. Five Minds for the Future  (Howard Gardner), 1982 ix. Burack, E. H. 1991), Changing the Corporate Culture’’ x. Hampden-Turner, C. (1990),  Corporate Culture (10) Web References i. http://ezinearticles. com/? How-To-Understand-Cross-Cultural-Analysisid=403111 ii. http://www. itapintl. co m/facultyandresources/articlelibrarymain/the-use-and-misuse-of-questionnaires-in-intercultural-training. html iii. http://www. blurtit. com/q410358. html iv. http://www. blurtit. com/q792848. html v. http://ivythesis. typepad. com/2010/07/what-are-the-limitations-on-hofstedes-and-globe-studies. html vi. http://www. wright. edu/~scott. williams/LeaderLetter/culture. htm

Defining Me free essay sample

When I was little, it perplexed me, even frightened me, that I could never see my own face. I thought, What if mirrors and photographs are only illusions? Though I have learned to trust the generally accepted laws of science, there has always been that inkling in the back of my mind that I may never know who I really am. If there were a dictionary that defined every person I know, it would be a book as tall as each person standing on top of the other, with the topmost person holding a kite made up of all the ribbons in the world tied together. I often muse about how much people have in common. We all need food, love, and humor once in a while. Im no exception. But there is something that distinguishes me; I can tell by the way people treat me. My attitude is generally calm. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a rumpus of shouting and stomping because of petty drama and boundless energy overcomes my classmates, I usually relax on the side and go swimming in my thoughts. But I do socialize, making cracks and dancing for the reward of a smile or a laugh. Ive been called weird by almost everyone, but Ive learned that it is a compliment. I lend my ears to friends, offering advice or sympathy in times of trouble, and in return they listen to my rants about lifes confusion. I highly value kindness, as long as it is sincere; it can brighten someones day. The way I interact with others certainly offers part of a definition of who I am. But theres a whole different life in my head. Its like Willy Wonkas chocolate factory, except it will never be fully exposed to the public. Its a side that no one will ever see clearly, because my mouth doesnt adequately communicate the strange thoughts in my head. I voice them to my friends all the time: â€Å"Have you ever imagined the world as a jellyfish?† But I know that theyll never understand what I mean. Theyll only understand what they think I mean, because their mind is in a different galaxy. My thoughts and memories are true vampires – they just arent the same in the light. So who am I? Who knows better – those who can actually see my face and shake hands with me, or me, the one who has inside access to my mind? The truth is, I could probably skip college, never get married, and spend the rest of my life in an empty room with no distractions and still not have enough time to figure it out.